U
“A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 227).
“A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 227).
states that revenge can only be satisfactory when the offender understands it as a response to his/her prior (wrong) behavior
characteristics distinguish humans from animals; when uniquely human characteristics are denied, we talk about animalistic dehumanization (i.e., the target is perceived as an animal)
Comparing oneself with people perceived as more attractive, successful, or accomplished, which can lower self-esteem.
theory in moral philosophy suggesting the right thing to do is whatever maximizes aggregate wellbeing